International biodiversity governance has progressively evolved from a predominantly ecological and conservationoriented approach toward a more integrated framework that incorporates economic reasoning. This article argues that such an evolution is not merely terminological, but reflects a deeper transformation in the way biodiversity is conceptualized and governed at the international level. The study examines whether, and to what extent, international biodiversity conventions and related policy initiatives have incorporated economic considerations alongside traditional conservation objectives. Using a text analysis methodology, the article analyzes the language of key international conventions adopted since the 1970s, distinguishing between early conservation agreements, statebased conventions, and instruments developed within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity. This analysis is complemented by an examination of the conceptual frameworks adopted by the Intergovernmental SciencePolicy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services and the European Union Biodiversity Strategy. The findings show a growing emphasis on ecosystems, ecosystem services, and human wellbeing, which emerges progressively across the examined instruments and culminates in the KunmingMontreal Global Biodiversity Framework. From a lawandeconomics perspective, this study argues that economic instrumentssuch as taxes, subsidies, tradable permits, and payments for ecosystem servicesplay a crucial role in translating biodiversity commitments into effective and actionable policy measures. The article concludes that future biodiversity governance is likely to rely increasingly on economic approaches to complement legal obligations and enhance their practical effectiveness.
Thrifting in laymans language, is the practice of purchasing commodities that have not been sold to the primary consumers, or have been used by them and are up for sale again. Naturally, the idea of thrifting clothes is to lengthen the cycle of the apparel and delay its ultimate disposal. A typical thrift market for apparel in India is a street market with vendors selling clothing items that have been discarded by their producers due to defaults as minor as a wrong stitch. These items are available in bulk and are sold at a price much below than what the brand would sell in their outlets otherwise. The growth of social media platforms has also given an opportunity to resellers, especially small businesses, to capitalise on the wide reach. The creation of secondary markets has become a bone of contention between original producers and resellers in mature jurisdictions such as those of the European Union for example, where the intellectual property rights of the former have been demanded for. The Indian legal regimefor trademark protection, however, does not provide solace to brands that aim to protect their nexclusivity and reputation in the domestic thrift market. This article uses statistical tools to assess consumer responses to analyse whether resellers are posed as competitors to brand manufacturers. Further, a model has been proposed to impose product liability on resellers to protect the interests of consumers and brands alike.
The phrase "green economy" has gained popularity worldwide, with every nation presentlyemphasizing environmental concerns, embracing the green economy as their main economicmodel, and pursuing sustainable development